Esperanto - Stanford University
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Affixes - Afiksoj
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Basically, the second lesson of my class is to go over this list of
affixes. The grammar in Esperanto is so simple that my "Lesson Zero"
covers enough for someone to begin creating meaningful sentences almost
immediately. But, Esperanto is a full language. It will indeed take some
effort to learn because the student has to learn a word for everything...
hair, pencil, leaf, house, peace, brother, etc. But Esperanto is ingenious
because by learning the following list of affixes, when you learn one
root, you learn many words just by adding the affix.
There will be many more examples in the classroom and you will
immediately double your vocabulary in this lesson (actually probably a lot
more than double but the advertising people tell me that nobody will
believe it so i'll just claim double :)..
Prefixes
| bo-
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in-law
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frato = brother
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bofrato = brother-in-law
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| dis-
|
dispersal / separation
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doni = to give
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disdoni = to distribute / to give out
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| ek-
|
start
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flugi = to fly
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ekflugi = to take off
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| eks-
|
former
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prezidento = president
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eksprezidento = ex-president
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| fi-
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immoral
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libro = book
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filibro = "dirty" book
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| ge-
|
both sexes
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(vir)patro / patrino = father / mother
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gepatroj = parents
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| mal-
|
opposite
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alta = high
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malalta = low
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| mis-
|
incorrect
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kompreni = to understand
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miskompreni = misunderstand
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| pra-
|
distant relationship
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(vir)avo / avino = grandfather / grandmother
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praavoj = "forefathers" / ancestors
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| re-
|
again
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legi = to read
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relegi = to reread
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| vir- (see -in *)
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male / masculine
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kato = cat
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virkato = tomcat
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Postfixes (Suffixes)
| -aĉ- [-acx-]
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disparagement
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domo = house
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domaĉo [domacxo] = hovel
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| -ad-
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continuation
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parol = to speak
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parolado = a speech
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| -aĵ- [-ajx-] (see -ec-)
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concrete idea
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manĝi [mangxi] = to eat
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manĝaĵo [mangxajxo] = food
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| -an-
|
member
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klaso = class
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klasano = member of a class
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| -ar-
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group
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arbo = tree
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arbaro = forest / grove, etc.
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| -ĉj- [-cxj-] (see -nj-)
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male / masculine nickname
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(vir)patro = father
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paĉjo [pacxjo] = daddy
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| -ebl-
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possiblity
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porti = to carry
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portebla = portable
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| -ec- (see -aĵ- [-ajx-])
|
quality
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libera = free
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libereco = freedom
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| -eg- (see -et-)
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increase (augment)
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domo = house
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domego = mansion
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| -ej-
|
place
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lerni = to learn
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lernejo = school (a place to learn)
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| -em-
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tendency
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paroli = to speak
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parolema = talkative
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| -end-
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must be done
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pagi = to pay
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pagenda = payable
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| -er-
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piece/part of
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ĉeno [cxeno] = chain
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ĉenero [cxenero] = link
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| -estr-
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leader
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urbo = city
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urbestro = mayor
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| -et- (see -eg-)
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reduce (diminish)
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domo = house
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dometo = cottage/cabin
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| -iĉ- [-icx-] (see -in- *)
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male / masculine
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bovo = a head of cattle
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boviĉo [bovicxo] = bull (= virbovo)
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| -id-
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offspring
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hundo = dog
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hundido = puppy
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| -ig- (see -iĝ- [-igx-])
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make / causation
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blanka = white
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blankigi = to bleach / to make white
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| -iĝ- [-igx-] (see -ig-)
|
become
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pura = clean
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puriĝi [purigxi] = to become clean
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| -il-
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tool
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tranĉi [trancxi] = to cut
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tranĉilo [trancxilo] = cutting tool / knife
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| -in- (see -iĉ- [-icx-] and vir- *)
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female / feminine
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ĉevalo [cxevalo] = horse
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ĉevalino [cxevalino] = mare
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| -ind-
|
worthiness
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fido = trust
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fidinda = trustworthy
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| -ing-
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socket / specific holder
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kandelo = candle
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kandelingo = candlestick
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| -ism-
|
ideology / characteristic
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alkoholo = alcohol
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alkoholismo = alcoholism
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| -ist-
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professional / habitual
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biciklo = bicycle
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biciklisto = bicyclist
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| -nj- (see -ĉj- [-cxj-])
|
female / feminine nickname
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patrino = mother
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panjo = mommy
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| -obl-
|
multiple
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du = 2
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duobla = double
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| -on-
|
fraction
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tri = 3
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triono = a third
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| -op-
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grouped
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kvar = 4
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kvaropo = quartet
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| -uj-
|
container
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mono = money
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monujo = wallet / purse
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| -ul-
|
person / being
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nova = new
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novulo = novice / newbie
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| -um-
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special meaning (more in class)
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akvo = water
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akvumi = to water (plants)
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* Note that -iĉ- [-icx-] is a totally new postfix using
the
"ĉ [cx]" in -ĉj- [-cxj-] to back-form -iĉ- [-icx-] in the
same
way that the letter "n" matches in -nj-
and -in-. This form is very
controversial with many Esperanto speakers and should only be used by
those who feel they must. (I personally feel that the "-in-" and "vir-"
pair
might
be all that is needed. I put it in here for full disclosure.)
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